Index Options Trading (Part I)
Now for options buyers this option unlike futures limits their maximum liability to the option premium they had paid at the time of buying the options contract. The options market has caught the fancy of many investors and this is not surprising. The beauty of options is embedded in its very name. You have the options but not the obligation to buy or sell stocks at a given price by a given time.
In’78, Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) began options trading on popular stock indexes such as the S&P 500 Stock Index. The CBOE options trades in multiples of $100 per index point. This is much cheaper than the $250 multiple per index point for the S&P futures contract.
So how do the index options work? Let’s take an example. Suppose the S&P 500 Index is at 1100 points. You have a bullish opinion of the market and are of the opinion that the S&P 500 Index will go further up. An index option allows the investor to buy the stock index at a set point within the given time period. Options premiums is one of the most important concept that you need to grasp before you actually start trading options.
Now what this means is that if any time for the next three months you decide to exercise your call option, you will get $100 for each point the index is above 1150. So you decide to purchase a call option at 1150 for three months for 50 points. In other words you paid an option premium of $5000.
Now, 1150 is the strike price of the index option. In case the S&P 500 Index does not rise above 1150, you can simply decide to not exercise your call option. In that case you will only lose the premium of $5000 that you had paid to buy the call index option.
Contrast this with S&P futures. In case of S&P futures, the downside risk is unlimited whereas in index options the downside risk is limited to only the premium that you had paid for the options contract. Call options are considered to be bullish. So for you to make a profit with this call option, the S&P 500 Index will have to rise above 1200 point within the next three months otherwise you will lose your premium.
A Put Index Option works in exactly the same way as a Call Index Option except that you make profit when the stock index goes down. If you had bought the put index options instead of the call index option in our example above, every point below the strike price of 1150 would have given you a profit of $100. In case the S&P Index had fallen to 1100 point, you would have recouped your options premium. Put options are considered to be bearish.
But the most important factor is the expected volatility of the market. Now the option premium that you pay is determined by the market and it depends on many factors like interest rates and dividend yield.
Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Try these cash printing Forex Signals from heaven. Discover a revolutionary Forex Robot System! Get a totally unique version of this article from our article submission service
Commodities ETF
If you are interested in investing in commodities than you can invest in a commodity mutual fund! Many people are not aware that commodities as an asset class has a lot of potential especially in the 21st century. It is being predicted that the 21st century belongs to the commodities.
There are many mutual funds that invest in commodities. Just visit the Morningstar site and you can get the list of such mutual funds that invest in commodities. Just buy the shares of the commodity mutual fund and let its NAV appreciate before you can sell for a capital gain. This is the simplest way for you to get involved in investing in commodities as the mutual fund portfolio management will be done by a professional manager and you have to do nothing. But are mutual funds the best investment vehicles for your wealth building objectives.
Now, you must have heard about the Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). ETFs are really hot investments these days. ETFs started off some three decades back but became highly popular as investment vehicles in such a short time.
ETFs have many benefits. They trade like stocks but have the diversification advantages of a mutual fund. Now the good thing about investing in ETFs is that they give you the diversification benefits of a mutual fund with very low fees something like 0.7% as compared to 2-4% of the mutual fund. Driven by the growing demand of commodities by the investors many financial institutions are now offering Commodity ETFs.
ETFs have the added benefit of being able to trade like stocks giving you the powerful combination of diversification and liquidity. So unlike a mutual fund whose net asset value is calculated at the end of the day and the shares of mutual fund cannot be traded during the day, you can go both long or short on ETFs all the time. Something you cannot do with a mutual fund!
Now, you can find thousands of ETFs in the market on different market sectors, stock indexes, currencies, commodities and so on. This diversification plus liquidity benefit makes an ETF a better investment tool as compared to the mutual fund and the stocks.
The first Commodity ETF in US was launched by Deutsche Bank in the start of 2006. The Deutsche Bank Commodity Index Tracking Fund is listed on AMEX and tracks the Deutsche Bank Liquid Commodity Index. This index is based on a basket of six commodities: light sweet crude oil, heating oil, gold, aluminum, corn and wheat.
Now, every month a new ETF gets launched. There are a number of Commodity ETFs that track individual commodities like crude oil, gold and silver. Do your research on Commodity ETFs, you may find a good investment. This ETF invests directly in the commodity futures contract. Now one of the downsides of investing in this Commodity ETFs is that it can be fairly volatile as it is based on commodity futures contracts that get rolled monthly. Another downside to this Commodity ETF is that it is based on a basket of six commodities only.
Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Trade Dow Futures . Learn Commodity Trading ! You are welcome to reprint this article – but get your own unique content version here.
Using LEAP Options
One person who made history with options was George Soros who is famously known as the man who broke the Bank of England. Great Britain was finding it difficult to stay within the tight exchange rate band set by the European Monetary Union (EMU).
George Soros had this intuition that the Bank of England would be forced to devalue British Pound. So he bought call options on German Marks and put options on British Pound. He made a bet of $10 Billion by leveraging all the assets in his hedge fund.
Within a few days, Bank of England was brought to its knees as it was unable to sustain the immense selling pressure on the British Pound. Bank of England was forced to devalue British Pound in view of the speculative attack on the British Pound.
When you a strong intuition, you should go for the big kill. George Soros made a cool $1 Billion profit on his bet in a matter of a few days. Can you make such a bet? Maybe not but this one example show the immense power options have if used correctly. Options are risky; there should be no doubt about it.
Options contract give you the right to buy or sell an underlying security like stocks, futures, commodities or currencies at a price before a certain date. This price is known as the Strike Price. This date is known as the Expiry Date. However, in European Style options you can only buy or sell on the expiry date not before that. Most people who trade options lose money, plain and simple.
You need to learn the Options Greeks. Time factor is very important when valuing an option. Further out the options contract is from expiration, you will have to pay a higher premium. As the options contract approaches the expiration date and if it is out of money, it loses its value very fast.
LEAP stands for long term equity anticipation. Have your heard about the LEAP options? So what are LEAP options? It basically means that the option is much like the regular option except that the timeframe to expire is greater than 1 year. LEAP options are basically long term options. Leap options can help you profit over the long haul. You can use LEAP options in options strategies like the covered calls, straddles, spreads and so on.
LEAP options can be incredibly profitable if used correctly. However, LEAP options are risky because the option writer usually demands a hefty premium for taking on the long term risk. The buyer of the LEAP options has the right to exercise the option prior to expiration should the price of the underlying stock move in the money. Long timeframe means that the possibility of the LEAP options moving in the money is always high hence a high LEAP options premium.
LEAP options can be a great trading vehicle for swing traders as they mitigate some of the time decay that is inherent in short term options. See, closer the out of money option is to expiration, faster its value drops. What this means is that the buyer of the options loses the premium that was paid for getting the right to buy or sell the underlying security.
Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Learn Candlestick Charting! Know Fibonacci Retracement! Grab a totally unique version of this article from the Uber Article Directory
Trading System (Part I)
At one point in your trading career that might come soon rather than later, you would want to switch over to a mechanical trading system. Using a mechanical trading system not only helps traders to make decisions and increase profits but it also provides great psychological comfort to the traders.
You will find most of the trader using a trading system approach to trading. Some of them may use a discrete trading system while others prefer a mechanical trading system. You will realize the necessity of switching over to the system trade in order to lower the psychological pressure experienced when making every market transaction.
Once you have a mechanical trading system you can easily develop it into an automated trading system. The mechanical trading system set of rules may be translated into a computer program for automated trading. However, the mechanical trading system lacks fundamental analysis capacity.
The creator of such a mechanical trading system then becomes just another user of the trading system monitoring the computer generated signals. The trading system then generates trading signals that can be used by traders having access to the trading system.
These trading systems may be taken as grey and black boxes. Their prices might vary from a few hundred dollars to hundred of thousands of dollars. Many traders over their trading careers develop their own trading systems. Besides the traders using their own trading systems, there are now many actively developed trading systems for sale as computer programs.
The most significant thing about these programs is that the traders should be able to accomplish transactions in accordance with the signals generated by the trading system. Sometimes theses trading systems are developed for big banks and corporations.
Majority of the successful individual traders use self developed mechanical trading systems. However, it is very difficult for a mechanical trading system to cope with different market conditions.
Change of market behavior leads to negative results from a previously effective trading system which obviously would require replacement. For example, many trading systems that are satisfactory in trending conditions become highly ineffective in nontrending environment.
Many trading systems now depend on complex mathematical formula which is not understandable by the trader if the trader is not the author of the trading system. The most common disadvantage of these trading systems is the negative balance between he profitable and unprofitable trades.
What you need is a forex trading system that is profitable in the long term. In other words, it gives more winner than losers. Obviously the trading system can only be profitable in the long run if the ratio of the profitable trades is higher than the non-profitable trades. In other words the average profit of each profitable transaction is greater than the average loss of each unprofitable transaction.
Making correction in any mechanical trading system in the process of the trade is almost impossible. The trader must accurately and unconditionally follow the trading system without making any attempt to adjust it to the market conditions.
Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Discover a Revolutionary Forex Robot Trading System. Read about a Forex Trading System with an ROI of 3000% per month. Get a totally unique version of this article from our article submission service
Trading And Seasonality In The Markets
The day before the Presidents day is the worst day and the day after the Easter is the worst day after. However, you should keep in mind that a lot of other factors also come into play and you have a lot of room for error. The next best holiday bets are the Labor Day and the Memorial Day because they fall before the first day of trading in September and June respectively.
You must have heard about the Santa Claus Rally? Most of the folks usually feel fairly good about themselves around this time of the year. The best time of the year to own stocks is the Santa Claus rally which for all practical purposes is the 17 day stretch from December 21 to January 7. This is the best time of the year.
There is a low trading volume which tends to exaggerate the trend. If the economy is not doing good and is slowing down, FED tends to lower interest rates during holidays in order to go into the new year with less of a worry. However, when you are dealing with seasonality, you should keep these facts in your mind:
1) The market is not longer static. Money has no borders now. With one mouse click money is transferred from one locality to another. The seasonal effect may get interrupted by other events. More and more people have real time access to information and larger amounts of capital than at any time in the past.
2) At the end of the year, institutional investors want to make their results look as good as possible to their shareholders and tend to buy the stocks and so on. Institutional investors like mutual funds, hedge funds and insurance companies have become important players in the markets. So in case of an event free environment, seasonal tendencies may hold up fairly well.
3) These are the times for day traders and swing traders. With fewer people willing to hold stocks for longer periods, it is very difficult to predict seasonality. The days of long term investing or what you call buy and hold are dead! Frequent market crashes have taught the investing public that investing for the long term is fairly risky. So there is more short term trading going on.
4) A lot will be written about the recent stock market crash. What were the actual causes of the recent stock market crash? Why so many big banks went belly up in matter of days. What was so special that made this liquidity problem contagious with banks all over the world? The recent market crash was the result of CMO and Default Swaps bringing down the banks and Insurance companies in ways that had not been anticipated or foreseen by the analysts. Many had assumed that derivate securities are safe. Infact they have highly unpredictable tendencies. Derivates and outside the market trading activities can result in highly unpredictable patterns.
Many things are changing. The world is always changing. There is a change in demographics also taking place. With the aging of the population, the overall trend will be towards more income producing investments. So with everyone talking about the seasonal tendencies in the market, it reliability becomes less diminished.
Mr. Ahmad Hassam has done Masters from Harvard University. Try This 1500 Pips A Day Forex Signal Service! Know These Candlestick Patterns! Get a totally unique version of this article from our article submission service
Understanding Spot Forex Market (Part II)
The worlds big banks are the main players in the spot forex market. These big banks make an exclusive club where most trading activities take place. This club is known as the Interbank Market.
Down the hierarchy in the spot forex market are the smaller banks, big multinational companies, hedge funds and other institutional investors or speculators and the retail forex brokers. The wealthier you are and the more money you have or are able to get credit for, the more chances you have of accessing this big boys club.
These players conduct currency transactions in the interbank market if they have large capital and have credit standing with the large banks. The independent retail traders lie at the bottom of the market structure.
The retail forex traders trade through their forex brokers. They generally trade in much smaller lot sizes. Central banks are also occasionally involved in currency transactions. So there is no central exchange in the spot forex market to set the prices. Then who sets the currency prices?
Market makers make the bid and ask prices based on the currency movements that they anticipate will take place. Without a central exchange, the currency prices are set by the market makers. For example, in some emerging countries a Citibank or UBS may be the only bank in town so anyone wanting to trade that currency is forced to accept their terms. With no central exchange it may become very difficult for the nonprofessionals to come up with an accurate view of the forex market.
Big banks are involved in currency speculations in a big way. Many banks have professional traders solely dedicated to trading forex for speculation. Largest banks are the major market makers and they handle billions of dollars worth of forex transactions on behalf of their clients like the other institutions and companies and also for themselves. 90% of the spot forex trading is speculative in nature. However, most of the big currency transactions take place between the big banks. Daily there is huge flow of money between the different banks globally.
This big money laden network is knows as the interbank market. Interbank market is where large banks deal with one another. The resulting massive flow of money handled by these big banks is what primarily drives the currency markets.
The transactions carried out by these big banks like the Citigroup, Barclays, UBS, Deutsche Bank, Bank of America, Merrill Lynch etc amounts to the greatest bulk of the total daily forex volume. Most of the trading activity takes place in the interbank market.
How do the big banks deal with one another in the interbank market? The banks deal directly with one another through the electronic brokering platforms like the Electronic Brokering Services (EBS) or Reuters Dealing 3000 Matching. These brokering services get the best available rates for the various currency pairs. Products from EBS, Currenex, FXAll etc enable banks to reach a larger client base while still maintaining control over their risk. The reality is that a small group of banks control the forex market.
A forex transaction is not the exchange of cash for another asset like the stocks or oil but rather the exchange of cash today in return for the acceptance of cash at a later date. In order to do this the banks need to know that the counterparty is of highest credit standing. The banks establish specific credit lines with one another in order to deal with one another in the forex market as there is no exchange to serve as each banks counterparty. These brokering systems match buying and selling requests from the bank dealers. Between these two competitors they connect at least 1000 banks together.
Smaller banks that also trade forex also get access to these brokering platforms. Next large companies come. As the main market makers, these big banks constantly quote bid and offer prices to one another thereby making the market.
Mr. Ahmad Hassam is a Harvard University Graduate. He is interested in day trading stocks and currencies. Try These 1500 Pips A Day Forex Signals From Heaven. Develop Your Own Forex Trading System!
The Stock Market Guru’s Didn’t See It Coming
Most investors on Wall St. know about trend following. It’s a method that’s been around for a while. I always thought it was too much trouble, and too much trouble and I didn’t want to invest the money in the software or the time in learning to use the software. Lately though, my investments hadn’t been doing as well as I wanted so I started looking around for new ways to invest.
If you’re willing to try something different, something that can increase your yields while protecting your capital, I have something for you. It’s the ETFTradingSignals.com newsletter. I know, you may already have tried trend following and not had the success you had hoped for, but this program is totally different.
ETFTradingSignals.com only deals with EFTs. EFTs are one of the safest investments on the market. Yes, EFTs are usually long term investments, and with this system you may keep an EFT for four to six months. No watching the market like a hawk, and agonizing over the latest indicators. A low risk investment that can still offer a high yield if you follow the signals.
The program follows the same principle as stock trend following, but with EFTs, because they are a less risky investment strategy. EFTs are still subject to trends and by tracking those trends, and knowing when to buy and sell, you can maximize the yield on your investments.
I found out about ETFTradingSignals.com a few months ago. It didn’t really fit my market strategy, but I was losing money steadily with high risk, short term investments. I thought maybe it was time for a change and I subscribed to their newsletter. Since they offer a sixty day money back guarantee, I didn’t put my money into any of their picks, I just did a test with paper trades. After two months I wished I had gone ahead and invested. Their picks were were making money, which is more than I can say for mine.
That was a good move on my part. This is one program that really works. They aren’t always right, but I haven’t taken any heavy losses and my profits are up to twenty five percent. This site is my new best friend.
The ETF Trading Signals newsletter has changed my whole approach to investing. I don’t have to sweat with every market fluctuation, I just wait for my email alerts and follow the trends picked by the software. I’m spending a lot less on broker fees, because I’m doing a lot less trading, but I’m still getting great returns on my investments.
This is one of the best ways to invest that I have come across and I am really glad that I joined. If you’re looking for a new way to invest, one that minimizes your risk, I whole heatedly endorse ETFTradingSignals.com.
Go to ETFTradingSignals.com and sign up for their free newsletter to receive the best ETF of the month or find more about their best ETFs for 2009.
What Are Stock Indexes? (Part I)
There are 100s of Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) and HOLDRS covering key industry benchmarks such as the various Standard & Poor (S&P) Indexes, Russell Indexes or the Dow Jones Products. There are other ETFs that cover the other less well known narrow based sectors.
You should know the major indexes that are either key benchmarks or have ETFs tied to them. For example SPY tracks the Standard & Poors 500 Composite Index and is the largest of the ETFs.
Standard & Poor: Standard & Poor (S&P) is the financial services segment of the McGraw Hill companies and has been providing independent and objective financial information, analysis and research for nearly 140 years.
It is also the provider of equity indexes. Investors around the globe use S&P Indexes for investment performance measurement. These indexes are also used as the basis for wide variety of financial instruments such as Index Funds, Futures, Options and ETFs.
S&P 500 Composite is one of the most popular indexes in the global financial markets. Hundreds of companies around the world have licenses with the Standards & Poors for their index products and the influence and name recognition of S&P 500 is unparalleled. S&P 500 is also used as a key benchmark for money manager performance.
S&P 500 represents more than 75% of the capitalization of the entire US Stock Market. The S&P 500 is a capitalization weighted index that tracks the performance of 500 large capitalization issues. Each year thousands of money managers have the single minded goal of outperforming the S&P 500.
Over the years, the complexion of S&P 500 has changed. 30 years back most of the stocks were from the Industrial Sector. By 1970s, six of the top companies were from the Oil Sector. In 2000s, technology composed about one third of the capitalization of the index. The stocks in the S&P 500 are determined by a nine member committee in accordance with the general guidelines.
The other Standard & Poors indexes are the S&P Midcap 400 Index and it is based on 400 chosen domestic stocks. It is also capitalization based and measures the performance of the midsize companies of the US economy.
S&P SmallCap 600 is also capitalization weighted index and is of interest to institutional and retail investors. The S&P SmallCap 600 Index consists of 600 smallcap domestic stocks and these stocks are chosen for market size and liquidity. There are also sub-indexes based on these S&P Indexes.
NASDAQ: You will often hear the Nasdaq market being up or down on a given day in the media. NASDAQ Composite Index contains more than 4500+ companies representing a market capitalization of trillions of dollars.
There is another Nasdaq Index called the Nasdaq-100. NASDAQ-100 is composed of the top 100 nonfinancial companies in the Nasdaq Stock Market like Microsoft etc. It is a modified capitalization weighted index. The QQQ is based on the Nasdaq-100 Index.
What Is Breakout Fading? (Part I)
Fading breakouts refers to trading against breakouts. When we believe that breakouts from support and resistance levels to be false and unsustainable we fade breakouts. Suppose you believe that the currency prices will not be able to follow through action in the direction of the breakout. You trade in the opposite direction of the breakout.
False breakouts are a bane for breakout traders but boon for breakout faders. False breakouts are also known as fakeouts. Fading breakouts tends to be more effective as a short term strategy. Fading breakout is not meant to be a long term strategy.
Support level attracts the buyers enthusiasm for higher bids. It prevents the price from falling further. The resistance level attracts the sellers enthusiasm for shorting and it prevents the price action from advancing higher. Support and resistance are seen as the price floor and the price ceiling respectively.
The idea of trading breakouts appeals to many independent traders especially those new to currency trading. The crowd likes to trade the breakout. It is perfectly logical for the crowd to think that if the support level is penetrated, then the price action should move downward. The crowd is more likely to sell than to buy when the price action breaks the support level from above.
The opposite is true of a price break above the resistance level and the crowd usually concludes that if the resistance is broken, then the prices are more likely to advance higher in the rally. Hence, the crowd is more likely to buy than to sell when the price action breaks the resistance level from below.
You will find clusters of stop loss orders placed around both the support and resistance levels. These stop loss orders are placed by traders who have brought near the support level or have sold near the resistance level. Now you can also understand why there tends to be large number of entry stop orders placed just above a resistance level and also placed just below a support level.
So when the price action breaks out above the resistance level, short positions will be stopped out. Similarly, long positions will be stopped out when the currency prices crosses below the support level.
You will ask why most breakouts fail? The fact that smart traders need to take the money from the novice and inexperience traders is one of the most important reasons why most breakouts fail. Always remember, it does not always pay to have the same mentality as the crowd. The majority will cash out of the trading game broke.
Money has to be made from the majority. Not from the minority who got it right. The crowd holds the dumb money with the weak hands. Smart money belongs to the big players who have a couple of tricks to sabotage the crowd.
It causes vertical rallies or declines when the crowd scrambles to get out of their losing positions. Most money is made when the crowd turns out to be wrong. Read Part II for more on Breakout Fading.
Why Mechanical Trading System?
Currency traders use different approaches in their trading. Some use discrete trading system and others use mechanical trading systems. Majority of successful traders use self developed mechanical trading systems that they developed themselves. There are always advantages and disadvantages of different trading systems. The majority of unsuccessful traders depend on discrete trading method that depends on their experience and technical knowledge.
Besides the many traders using their own developed trading systems, there are many actively developed trading systems for sale as computer programs also known as Expert Advisors or Robots. Theses robots vary widely in prices from a few hundred dollars to a few hundred thousand dollars.
Sometimes these computer programs are developed for a certain bank or a corporation. The significant advantage of these programs is that they generate signals that can be used by the trader for trading.
The discrete trading method used by many traders is like an artist trying to adapt to different market conditions and using flexibility and tactics corresponding to the particular market condition.
In case of a discrete trading method, the traders mood and health can greatly affect the outcome of each trade. The main disadvantage of the discrete trading approach is due to the stress factor influencing the trader, the unstable trade results.
Using a mechanical trading system almost completely removes the influences of the stress factor. It also reduces the negative pressure on a trader which is obviously a big plus. However, it prevents the trader from quick adjustment of trade tactics and strategies under changing market conditions.
It also doesnt allow the quick customization of the trading system in cases like the change of the account size. There are eight requirements that any ideal trading systems should fulfill.
1. A good trading system should allow to any trader for the maximum adjustment according to his/her psychological character and makeup.
2. The trading system should depend on trading methods that are universal. It should not depend on a particular market condition at any moment of time.
3. It should be simple, logical and depend on understandable ready to use elements and units.
4. It should provide specific price signals for the trader to open and close positions at the levels chosen some time in advance.
5. It must allow some room for the traders creativity.
6. Without violating its main principles and elements of the trading system, there should be some flexibility to modernize. The trading system should adjust in accordance with the changing market conditions.
7. The trading system should relieve the trader from emotional and psychological stress in trading.
8. It should be customizable. Different traders can use the same method with different account sizes and different risk/reward appetites.
No one trading system can fulfill all these requirements. Change of market conditions could lead to negative results from a previously effective trading system.
Trade systems based on these requirements could be complex and adjustable. The only way of satisfying these conditions is through developing a diversified trading system. It can consist of a set of systems. These systems can be used as the basis for specific trade tactics at any given moment.
Take a Free AWeber Test Drive Today
Can You Have More Sales, Too?
Helping over 65,000 businesses like yours raise profits and build customer relationships using AWeber's opt-in email marketing software for over 10 years.
Take a Free Test Drive Today! Fill in Your Name and Email Address BelowNeed Hosting?
Hostmonster has Great Costumer service and technical support.
--------------------------------------------------------------------For inexpensive hosting and low cost domain names try:
Go Daddy Has great prices.Recent Visitors
